Postprandial lipaemia and endothelial adhesion molecules in pre- and postmenopausal Spanish women.

BACKGROUND: Postprandial hyperlipaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES: To compare postprandial lipaemia and fasting adhesion molecules levels in healthy young premenopausal(PrW) and postmenopausal (PoW) Spanish women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy PrW and 18 healthy PoW participated in a postprandial 7-hour intervention study. All participants were given a fat-rich standard meal (11.8% saturated, 39.7% monounsaturated, and 6.6% polyunsaturated) after a 12 h fast. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at 60, 120, 240, 360 and 420 min after eating. Triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (Chol), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were determined in fasting serum samples and TAG and total Chol postprandial levels were measured. RESULTS: Anthropometric data, serum lipid and sICAM-1 presented significant higher values in PoW compared to PrW, but sVCAM-1 did not significantly differ between groups. Postprandial TAG and Chol concentrations in PoW were significantly higher than in PrW (p < 0.0001). There was a significant time influence (p < 0.0001) in TAG in PrW and PoW, while time to peak and peak concentration were significantly higher in PoW than PrW. Chol concentrations showed a significant reduction after 1 h, to reach values similar to baseline after 6 h in PrW but not in PoW. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid postprandial response to a fat rich meal and soluble intercellular adhesion molecules concentrations indicate a higher cardiovascular risk pattern in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. Soluble vascular adhesion molecule levels seem to be influenced not only by age and menopause, but also other factors like usual diet.

Sex-specific association between leptin receptor polymorphisms and leptin levels and BMI in healthy adolescents.

AIM: To examine the relationship of three common polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene, implicated in the regulation of body weight, with leptin levels and obesity-related phenotypes in a population-based sample of healthy pubertal children in Spain. METHODS: The study included 806 boys and girls aged 12-16 whose anthropometrical data and body composition were recorded. Serum leptin levels were determined by ELISA. The LEPR Q223R, K109R and K656N polymorphisms were determined by TaqMan® allelic discrimination assays. RESULTS: When analysing the Q223R polymorphism, we observed that female carriers of the RR genotype had significantly higher plasma leptin levels (18.2 vs. 15.1 ng/mL p = 0.016) and significantly higher mean BMI values (22.5 vs. 21.3 Kg/m² p = 0.032) than QR carriers. Furthermore, the frequency of the RR genotype in overweight-obese girls was significantly higher than that found in normal-weight girls. No significant differences were observed in boys. Neither boys nor girls showed significant differences when comparing leptin levels, anthropometric variables or body composition by K109R or K656N genotype. CONCLUSION: The fact, that the Q223R polymorphism in the LEPR gene is significantly associated with leptin levels and BMI only in girls, suggests a sex-specific influence of this polymorphism on these variables.

Postprandial lipaemia and endothelial adhesion molecules in pre and postmenopausal Spanish women / Lipemia postprandial y moléculas de adhesión endotelial en mujeres españolas premenopáusicas y postmenopáusicas

Background: Postprandial hyperlipaemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Objectives: To compare postprandial lipaemia and fasting adhesion molecules levels in healthy young premenopausal(PrW) and postmenopausal (PoW) Spanish women. Subjects and methods: Twenty healthy PrW and 18 healthy PoW participated in a postprandial 7-hour intervention study. All participants were given a fat-rich standard meal (11.8% saturated, 39.7% monounsaturated, and 6.6% polyunsaturated) after a 12 h fast. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at 60, 120, 240, 360 and 420 min after eating. Triacylglycerols (TAG), total cholesterol (Chol), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were determined in fasting serum samples and TAG andtotal Chol postprandial levels were measured. Results: Anthropometric data, serum lipid and sICAM-1 presented significant higher values in PoW compared to PrW, but sVCAM-1 did not significantly differ between groups. Postprandial TAG and Chol concentrations in PoW were significantly higher than in PrW (p < 0.0001). There was a significant time influence (p < 0.0001) in TAG in PrW and PoW, while time to peak and peak concentration were significantly higher in PoW than PrW. Chol concentrations showed a significant reduction after 1 h, to reach values similar to baseline after 6 h in PrW but not in PoW. Conclusions: Lipid postprandial response to a fat rich meal and soluble intercellular adhesion molecules concentrations indicate a higher cardiovascular risk pattern in postmenopausal compared to premenopausal women. Soluble vascular adhesion molecule levels seem to be influenced not only by age and menopause, but also other factors like usual diet (AU)

Introducción: La hiperlipemia postprandial es un factor independiente de riesgo de aterosclerosis. Objetivos: Comparar la lipemia postprandial y concentraciones en ayunas de moléculas de adhesión en mujeres sanas, jóvenes premenopáusicas (PrW) y postmenopáusicas (PoW). Sujetos y métodos: 20 PrW y 18 PoW participaron en un estudio de intervención postprandial de 7 horas. Tras 12 horas de ayuno, las participantes tomaron una comida estándar rica en grasa (11,8% saturada, 39,7% monoinsaturada y 6,6% poliinsaturada). Se tomaron muestras de sangre basal y a los 60, 120, 240, 360 y 420 min después de comer. En las muestras en ayunas se determinaron triglicéridos (TAG), colesterol total (Chol), moléculas solubles de adhesión intercelular-1 (sICAM-1) y moléculas solubles de adhesión vascular-1 (sVCAM-1). Asimismo se determinaron TAG y Chol postprandiales. Resultados: Los valores antropométricos, lípidos y sICAM-1 presentaron valores significativamente mayores en PoW frente a PrW, pero sVCAM-1 fueron similares en ambos grupos. Las concentraciones postprandiales de TAG y Chol fueron significativamente mayores en PoW que en PrW (p < 0,0001). Hubo un efecto significativo del tiempo en los TAG de PoW y PrW (p < 0,0001), mientras que el tiempo para alcanzar la concentración máxima y dicha concentración fueron significativamente mayores en PoW que en PrW. Las concentraciones de Chol mostraron una reducción significativa después de 1 h para recuperar valores similares a los basales después de 6 h en PrW pero no en PoW. Conclusiones: La respuesta lipídica postprandial a una comida rica en grasa y las concentraciones de las moléculas solubles de adhesión intercelular mostraron un patrón de mayor riesgo cardiovascular en las mujeres postmenopáusicas frente a las premenopáusicas. Las moléculas solubles de adhesión vascular parecen influenciadas no sólo por la edad y la menopausia, sino por otros factores como la dieta habitual (AU)

Iron status biomarkers in iron deficient women consuming oily fish versus red meat diet.

Specific recommendations for anemic individuals consist in increasing red meat intake, but the population at large is advised to reduce consumption of red meat and increase that of fish, in order to prevent the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the effects of consuming an oily fish compared to a red meat diet on iron status in women with low iron stores. The study was designed attending the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement guidelines. It was a randomised crossover dietary intervention study of two 8-week periods. Twenty-five young women with low iron stores completed the study. Two diets containing a total of 8 portions of fish, meat and poultry per week were designed differing only in their oily fish or red meat content (5 portions per week). At the beginning and the end of each period blood samples were taken and hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, serum iron, serum transferrin, serum transferrin receptor-2 and the Zn-protoporphyrin/free-protoporphyrin ratio were determined. Food intake and body weight were monitored. During the oily fish diet, PUFA intake was significantly higher (p=0.010) and iron intake lower (mean+/-SD, 11.5+/-3.4 mg/day vs. 13.9+/-0.1 mg/day, p=0.008), both diets providing lower mean daily iron intake than recommended for menstruating women. Although there were no significant differences after 16 weeks, serum ferritin moderately decreased and soluble transferrin receptor increased with the oily fish, while changes with the red meat diet were the opposite. In conclusion, an oily fish diet compared to a red meat diet does not decrease iron status after 8 weeks in iron deficient women.

Marcadores del estado de hierro en mujeres con deficiencia de hierro que consumen una dieta de pescado azul frente a una dieta de carne roja / Iron status biomarkers in iron deficient women consuming oily fish versus red meat diet

Specific recommendations for anemic individuals consist in increasing red meatintake, but the population at large is advised to reduce consumption of red meat andincrease that of fish, in order to prevent the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.This study aimed to determine the effects of consuming an oily fish compared to ared meat diet on iron status in women with low iron stores. The study was designedattending the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statementguidelines. It was a randomised crossover dietary intervention study of two 8-weekperiods. Twenty-five young women with low iron stores completed the study. Twodiets containing a total of 8 portions of fish, meat and poultry per week weredesigned differing only in their oily fish or red meat content (5 portions per week).At the beginning and the end of each period blood samples were taken and hemoglobin,hematocrit, serum ferritin, serum iron, serum transferrin, serum transferrinreceptor-2 and the Zn-protoporphyrin/free-protoporphyrin ratio were determined.Food intake and body weight were monitored. During the oily fish diet, PUFAintake was significantly higher (p=0.010) and iron intake lower (mean±SD, 11.5±3.4mg/day vs. 13.9±0.1 mg/day, p=0.008), both diets providing lower mean daily ironintake than recommended for menstruating women. Although there were no significantdifferences after 16 weeks, serum ferritin moderately decreased and solubletransferrin receptor increased with the oily fish, while changes with the red meat dietwere the opposite. In conclusion, an oily fish diet compared to a red meat diet doesnot decrease iron status after 8 weeks in iron deficient women(AU)

Las recomendaciones nutricionales dirigidasa personas con anemia consisten generalmenteen aumentar el consumo de carne roja,mientras que las recomendaciones para lapoblación general están enfocadas a la reduccióndel consumo de esta carne y aumentar elconsumo de pescado, con el fin de reducir elriesgo de desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares.El presente estudio se diseñó parainvestigar los efectos del consumo de una dietabasada en pescado azul frente a una de carneroja sobre el estado de hierro de mujeres conbajas reservas de hierro. Este estudio se planteóde acuerdo con la guía CONSORT (patronesconsolidados para la publicación de ensayos).Se trató de una intervención nutricional cruzada,aleatorizada, con 2 periodos de 8 semanascada uno. Veinticinco mujeres finalizaron elestudio. Se diseñaron dos dietas que contenían8 raciones de pescado, carne y aves a la semana.Sólo se diferenciaban en el contenido de pescadoazul o carne roja (4 raciones semanales). Alinicio y final de cada periodo se obtuvieronmuestras de sangre y se analizó la concentraciónde hemoglobina, hematocrito, ferritina,hierro sérico, transferrina, receptor-2 de latransferrina y el cociente Zn-protoporfirina/protoporfirina libre. El peso y la ingesta de alimentosse controlaron durante el estudio.Durante la dieta de pescado azul la ingesta deácidos grasos poliinsturados (AGP) fue significativamentemayor (p=0,010) y la ingesta dehierro se redujo (media±SD, 11,5±3,4 frente a13,9±0,1 mg/día, p=0.008), siendo el aporte dehierro menor al recomendado para esta población(AU)

Aunque no se encontraron diferenciassignificativas durante 16 semanas, la ferritina descendió ligeramente y la concentración del receptor de transferrina aumentó con la dieta de pescado azul, mientras que los cambios observados con la dieta rica en carne roja fueron los opuestos. En conclusión, una dieta basada en pescado azul comparada con una dieta rica en carne roja, no provoca un descenso en el estado de hierro de mujeres con deficiencia de hierro después de 8 semanas(AU)

Does bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal women?

AIM: To study the effects of drinking 0.5 L of two sodium-rich bicarbonated mineral waters (BMW-1 and 2), with a standard meal, on postprandial insulin and glucose changes. And to determine, if the effects vary depending on insulin resistance, measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). METHODS: In a 3-way randomized crossover study, 18 healthy postmenopausal women consumed two sodium-rich BMWs and a low-mineral water (LMW) with a standard fat-rich meal. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60 and 120 min. Serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined. Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA and insulin sensitivity was calculated by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKY). RESULTS: Glucose levels did not change. HOMA and QUICKY values were highly inversely correlated (r = -1,000; p < 0.0001). Insulin concentrations showed a significant time effect (p < 0.0001) and a significant water x time interaction (p < 0.021). At 120 min insulin levels with BMW-1 were significantly lower than with LMW (p = 0.022). Postprandial insulin concentrations showed significantly different patterns of mineral water intake depending on HOMA n-tiles (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Results suggests an increase in insulin sensitivity after BMWs consumption. This effect is more marked in the women, who have higher HOMA values. These waters should be considered part of a healthy diet in order to prevent insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.

Does bicarbonated mineral water rich in sodium change insulin sensitivity of postmenopausal women? / ¿Modifica el agua mineral bicarbonatada rica en sodio la sensibilidad a la insulina de las mujeres postmenopáusicas?

Aim: To study the effects of drinking 0.5 L of two sodium-rich bicarbonated mineral waters (BMW-1 and 2), with a standard meal, on postprandial insulin and glucose changes. And to determine, if the effects vary depending on insulin resistance, measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Methods: In a 3-way randomized crossover study, 18 healthy postmenopausal women consumed two sodiumrich BMWs and a low-mineral water (LMW) with a standard fat-rich meal. Fasting and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60 and 120 min. Serum glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triacylglycerols were determined. Insulin resistance was estimated by HOMA and insulin sensitivity was calculated by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKY). Results: Glucose levels did not change. HOMA and QUICKY values were highly inversely correlated (r = –1,000; p < 0.0001). Insulin concentrations showed a significant time effect (p < 0.0001) and a significant water x time interaction (p < 0.021). At 120 min insulin levels with BMW-1 were significantly lower than with LMW (p = 0.022). Postprandial insulin concentrations showed significantly different patterns of mineral water intake depending on HOMA n-tiles (p = 0.016). Conclusion: Results suggests an increase in insulin sensitivity after BMWs consumption. This effect is more marked in the women, who have higher HOMA values. These waters should be considered part of a healthy diet in order to prevent insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease

Objetivo: Estudiar los efectos de la ingesta de 0.5L de dos aguas minerales bicarbonatadas ricas en sodio (BMW-1 y 2), junto con una comida estándar, sobre los cambios en la insulina y la glucosa postprandial; y determinar si los posibles efectos varían en función de la resistencia a la insulina evaluada a través del modelo homeostático (HOMA). Métodos: 18 mujeres postmenopáusicas sanas participaron en un estudio triple cruzado aleatorizado, en el que bebieron 2 aguas minerales bicarbonatadas ricas en sodio (BMW-1 y 2) y un agua mineral débil (LMW) junto con una comida estándar rica en grasa. Se tomaron muestras de sangre en ayunas y postprandiales a los 30, 60 y 120 min. Se determinó glucosa, insulina, colesterol y triglicéridos en suero. La resistencia a la insulina fue estimada a través del HOMA y la sensibilidad a la insulina se calculó mediante el índice de sensibilidad cuantitativa a la insulina (QUICKY). Resultados: Los niveles de glucosa no presentaron cambios. Los valores de HOMA y QUICKY presentaron una fuerte correlación inversa (r = –1,000; p < 0,0001). Las concentraciones de insulina mostraron un efecto significativo en el tiempo (p < 0,0001) y una interacción agua x tiempo significativa (p < 0,021). A los 120 min los niveles de insulina fueron significativamente inferiores con BMW1 respecto a LMW (p = 0,022). Las concentraciones postprandiales de insulina mostraron patrones significativamente distintos según el tipo de agua que se bebía dependiendo de los n-tiles del HOMA (p = 0,016). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren un aumento de la sensibilidad a la insulina tras el consumo de las dos aguas minerales bicarbonatadas ricas en sodio. Este efecto es más marcado en las mujeres que tienen unos valores de HOMA más altos. Este tipo de aguas deberían ser consideradas como parte de una dieta saludable con objeto de prevenir la resistencia a la insulina y las enfermedades cardiovasculares

A comparative study of iron bioavailability from cocoa supplemented with ferric pyrophosphate or ferrous fumarate in rats.

BACKGROUND: Food iron fortification can be a good strategy to prevent iron deficiency. Iron bioavailability from cocoa powder enriched with ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes or ferrous fumarate was assessed in rats. METHODS: Three groups of rats consumed during 28 days either a control diet or two diets prepared with ferric pyrophosphate- or ferrous fumarate-enriched cocoa powder as the unique source of iron. Body weight and food intake were monitored and last-week feces were collected. On day 28, animals were sacrificed and livers and spleens were removed. Hemoglobin and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in body weight and food intake. Apparent iron absorption and % absorption/intake were significantly lower in rats consuming enriched cocoa compared to the control group, without significant differences due to the iron form. Enriched cocoa groups showed significantly lower spleen iron content and concentration than the control. Liver iron was lower in the ferric pyrophosphate group compared to the other two groups. Hemoglobin and TIBC values showed a deficient iron status in ferric pyrophosphate rats. CONCLUSION: Cocoa powder is a good vehicle for iron fortification when enriched with ferrous fumarate compared to ferric pyrophosphate encapsulated in liposomes.

Food, energy and macronutrient intake of postmenopausal women from a menopause program.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the food, energy and macronutrient intake of a group of postmenopausal women participating in a health-care-program. METHODS: Subjects included were 38 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 46 and 60 years, recruited from the Menopause Program of the Madrid City Council. Physical activity, some anthropometric data and dietary information was obtained using a modified version of the dietary history method, which contained a 24-hour-recall and a food frequency questionnaire covering the preceding month as reference period. Dietary quality indexes, including those of the energy provided by macronutrients, alcohol and fatty acids and PUFA + MUFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA ratios were calculated. RESULTS: This group consumed a diet very similar to the traditional Mediterranean diet. Intake of vegetables (415 +/- 165 g/d), fruits (396 +/- 178 g/d) and fish (131 +/- 69 g/d) was high and a wide variety of these products was consumed. Potato and cereal (157 +/- 76 g/d) intake was low. Dairy products, meat, poultry and eggs were only a modest part of this diet. The fat quality (PUFA + MUFA/SFA = 2.26) was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: The diet of this group of postmenopausal women attending a prevention program closely conforms to current nutritional guidelines. Physical activity, body weight and intake of vegetable foods are adequate and may be very useful to counterbalance the increased risk of several pathologies after menopause. However, consumption of carbohydrate rich foods is lower than recommended. Participation in the menopause health-care-program is useful for weight control and dietary advice.

Food, energy and macronutrient intake of postmenopausal women from a menopause program / Consumo de alimentos, energía y macronutrientes en mujeres postmenopáusicas de un programa de menopausia

Objective: This study aimed to analyse the food, energy and macronutrient intake of a group of postmenopausal women participating in a health-care-program. Methods: Subjects included were 38 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 46 and 60 years, recruited from the Menopause Program of the Madrid City Council. Physical activity, some anthropometric data and dietary information was obtained using a modified version of the dietary history method, which contained a 24-hour-recall and a food frequency questionnaire covering the preceding month as reference period. Dietary quality indexes, including those of the energy provided by macronutrients, alcohol and fatty acids and PUFA + MUFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA ratios were calculated. Results: This group consumed a diet very similar to the traditional Mediterranean diet. Intake of vegetables (415 ± 165 g/d), fruits (396 ± 178 g/d) and fish (131 ± 69 g/d) was high and a wide variety of these products was consumed. Potato and cereal (157 ± 76 g/d) intake was low. Dairy products, meat, poultry and eggs were only a modest part of this diet. The fat quality (PUFA + MUFA/SFA = 2.26) was satisfactory. Conclusion: The diet of this group of postmenopausal women attending a prevention program closely conforms to current nutritional guidelines. Physical activity, body weight and intake of vegetable foods are adequate and may be very useful to counterbalance the increased risk of several pathologies after menopause. However, consumption of carbohydrate rich foods is lower than recommended. Participation in the menopause healthcare-program is useful for weight control and dietary advice (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la ingesta de alimentos, energía y macronutrientes de un grupo de mujeres postmenopáusicas que participan en un programa de postmenopausia. Métodos: La muestra está formada por 38 mujeres postmenopáusicas de 46 a 60 años de edad, pertenecientes al Programa de Menopausia del Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Se ha recogido información sobre actividad física y parámetros antropométricos y dietéticos. Para conocer el consumo de alimentos se empleó una historia dietética modificada, constituida por un recuerdo de 24 horas y una frecuencia de consumo referida al último mes. Para juzgar la calidad de la dieta, se ha calculado: perfil calórico, perfil lipídico y las relaciones AGP + AGM/AGS y AGP/AGS. Resultados: El grupo estudiado consume una dieta variada que responde a las características de la dieta Mediterránea tradicional. Presenta una alta ingesta y variedad de verduras y hortalizas (415 ± 165 g/día), frutas (396 ± 178 g/día) y pescado (131 ± 69 g/día). El consumo de cereales y patatas fue bajo (157 ± 76 g/día). Lácteos, carnes y huevos se consumen en cantidades moderadas. La calidad de la ingesta grasa fue satisfactoria (AGP + AGM/AGS = 2.26). Conclusión: La dieta consumida por este grupo de mujeres postmenopáusicas que pertenecen a un programa de atención primaria se adecua a las recomendaciones actuales de dieta prudente. La actividad física, el peso corporal y la ingesta de alimentos de origen vegetal fueron adecuados y podrían actuar favorablemente y contrarrestar el mayor riesgo de diversas patologías durante la menopausia. El consumo de alimentos ricos en hidratos de carbono fue, sin embargo, menor del recomendado. La participación en programas de prevención, especialmente en esta etapa de la vida, puede ser efectiva en el control del peso y en el seguimiento de hábitos dietéticos saludables (AU)

Relationship between biogenic amine contents and the size of dry fermented sausages.

Three trials were carried out to study the influence of the diameter on biogenic amine contents and related parameters (pH, humidity and proteolysis) in fermented sausages. The first trial was done on three groups of Spanish dry fermented sausages with different diameter. In the second, two sections (centre and edge) of salchichón sausages were examined. The last trial consisted in the study of the ripening of two batches of sausages fermented under the same conditions but with two different diameters. Biogenic amine contents varied among the different type of products as well as among the same type of samples. Generally, amine levels in the biggest diameter sausages were higher than in the thinnest sausages. Amine contents were higher in the central part of the sausages than in the edge. During the ripening, larger tyramine amounts were formed in sausages with the biggest diameter. Statistical correlations were found among the diameter, the pH, the proteolysis and some amines. The results of the three trials agree with the hypothesis that the diameter is a factor that may affect the formation of biogenic amines during sausage fermentation.